I find the language in these statements ambiguous and hesitant on helping because my interpretation might not be what the question is stating.
Statement 1: What is the definition of "individual" from your textbook/material? Individual as in individual data point?
Statement 2: Correlation does not imply causation. Correlation is undoubtedly not the only way to establish a relationship.
Statement 3: What "conditions" are they referring to?
Statement 4: You're designing an experiment to seek the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. Does it make sense to randomly assign the dependent variable?
Statement 5: "Manipulated" in what way? There are times we need to transform the variables to give our data more meaning. Or is it referring to scandalously manipulating the data such that you will achieve the desired outcome? Either way, the word "must" implies always. That's not always the case.
Statement 6: You can look up the definition of "confounding variable".
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