The basic function, f(x)= sin(x) has a minimum value of -1 and a maximum value of 1. It has period \(\displaystyle 2\pi\).
Your graph shows a minimum of -2 and maximum of 2. Since the "middle value" is 0 just like sin(x) itself, there is no "d" to be added on. Your A= 2 so that -1 is expanded to -2 and 1 is expanded to 2. It has period \(\displaystyle \pi\) so you want k(x- c) to go from 0 to \(\displaystyle 2\pi\) as x goes from 0 to \(\displaystyle \pi\). That is, you want \(\displaystyle k(0- c)= -kc= 0\) and \(\displaystyle k(\pi- c)= 2\pi\).
From the first, \(\displaystyle -kc= 0\), either k= 0 or c= 0. If k= 0 then \(\displaystyle k(\pi- c)= 0(\pi- c)= 0\), not \(\displaystyle 2\pi\). So we must have c= 0 and then \(\displaystyle k(\pi- 0)= k\pi= 2\pi\) and \(\displaystyle k= 2\).