The quadratic equation.

Dale10101

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I am starting a new thread to continue a discussion that started at the end of a long previous thread which contains much that is not germane to this issue.

The quadratic formula is often written:

\[x = \frac{{ - b + \sqrt {{b^2} - 4ac} }}{{2a}}\] OR \[x = \frac{{ - b - \sqrt {{b^2} - 4ac} }}{{2a}}\]

I asked if the OR should not be AND or AND/OR? The exchange followed as:

Dale10101, it is an "or" situation, as in "plus or minus."

I responded:

Given: \[{x^2} + 3x + 1 = 0\]
the quadratic formula yields: \[\frac{{{\rm{ - }}\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2}{\rm{ or }}\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2}\]
but at the same time the solution set of the equation is: \[\left( {\frac{{{\rm{ - }}\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2},0} \right){\rm{ and }}\left( {\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2},0} \right)\]

No? So why not "and", or at least "and/or" ? Can you give me an example when the quadratic equation does not deliver two correct results even if they are the same? I know you are correct but I could not explain why if someone asked me to justify "or" as opposed to "and".

and received:

The set of algebraically valid solutions contains both solutions. So the set is defined by an "and" relation. Does that make sense?

to which I reply, hopefully for further response and eluciadation:


I hate to appear dense, or worse, quibbling over nothing, but while I can understand the "and" regarding the solution set, I still don't understand why the quadratic formula should not be "and" since the quadratic formula seems to define and deliver a SET of two correct roots, i.e. -b/2a plus and minus two real or imaginary numbers, albeit in some cases the roots might be double roots, or conjugate pairs.

Is this a matter of custom or are there cases where one root works but the other doesn't in which case it still seems that "and/or" is preferable since most of the time anyway, each root is valid.

I have not been able to find a tutorial that doesn't gloss over this issue. Again, I know that text books and software programs always use "or", and that this seems like a no biggee deal, and probably isn't ... unless of course there are situations whose results preclude "and". I would think this is the sort of neophyte question that must repeatedly come up, and if someone should ask me someday I would like to know how to justify my position. Thanks all.
 
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I am starting a new thread to continue a discussion that started at the end of a long previous thread which contains much that is not germane to this issue.

The quadratic formula is often written:

\[x = \frac{{ - b + \sqrt {{b^2} - 4ac} }}{{2a}}\] OR \[x = \frac{{ - b - \sqrt {{b^2} - 4ac} }}{{2a}}\]

I asked if the OR should not be AND or AND/OR? The exchange followed as:



I responded:

Given: \[{x^2} + 3x + 1 = 0\]
the quadratic formula yields: \[\frac{{{\rm{ - }}\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2}{\rm{ or }}\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2}\]
but at the same time the solution set of the equation is: \[\left( {\frac{{{\rm{ - }}\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2},0} \right){\rm{ and }}\left( {\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2} - \frac{3}{2},0} \right)\]

No? So why not "and", or at least "and/or" ? Can you give me an example when the quadratic equation does not deliver two correct results even if they are the same? I know you are correct but I could not explain why if someone asked me to justify "or" as opposed to "and".

and received:



to which I reply, hopefully for further response and eluciadation:


I hate to appear dense, or worse, quibbling over nothing, but while I can understand the "and" regarding the solution set, I still don't understand why the quadratic formula should not be "and" since the quadratic formula seems to define and deliver a SET of two correct roots, i.e. -b/2a plus and minus two real or imaginary numbers, albeit in some cases the roots might be double roots, or conjugate pairs.

Is this a matter of custom or are there cases where one root works but the other doesn't in which case it still seems that "and/or" is preferable since most of the time anyway, each root is valid.

I have not been able to find a tutorial that doesn't gloss over this issue. Again, I know that text books and software programs always use "or", and that this seems like a no biggee deal, and probably isn't ... unless of course there are situations whose results preclude "and". I would think this is the sort of neophyte question that must repeatedly come up, and if someone should ask me someday I would like to know how to justify my position. Thanks all.
OK. I shall try again. We are after all talking about the meaning of words, which ultimately always gets murky. Why is a "bed" a place where people frequently sleep rather being a "germ"?

We agree that \(\displaystyle x^2 - 12x + 20 = 0\) has two possible valid solutions, namely + 2 and + 10. So we agree that the set of valid solutions has two elements: both + 2 and + 10 are elements of that set. An "and" relationship.

Now suppose the question is: what is the solution of \(\displaystyle x^2 - 12x + 20 = 0\)?

Being super exact, the question above cannot be answered because it implies a unique solution. But not being annoyingly pedantic, we answer that its solution is either + 2 or + 10.

To sum up, what is in the set of valid solutions to \(\displaystyle x^2 - 12x + 20 = 0\)? The answer is + 2 and + 10.

What is the solution to \(\displaystyle x^2 - 12x + 20 = 0\)? The answer is that the question is unanswerable or that the solution is + 2 or + 10.

Any clearer?

Edit: See denis's much more succinct response at the end of the previous thread.
 
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I am starting a new thread to continue a discussion that started at the end of a long previous thread which contains much that is not germane to this issue.
Is this a matter of custom or are there cases where one root works but the other doesn't in which case it still seems that "and/or" is preferable since most of the time anyway, each root is valid.
I have not been able to find a tutorial that doesn't gloss over this issue. Again, I know that text books and software programs always use "or", and that this seems like a no biggee deal, and probably isn't ... unless of course there are situations whose results preclude "and". I would think this is the sort of neophyte question that must repeatedly come up, and if someone should ask me someday I would like to know how to justify my position. Thanks all.

It is really a matter of proper English grammar. Consider the equation \(\displaystyle x^2-1=0\).
Both \(\displaystyle 1\) and \(\displaystyle -1\) are roots of that equation.

Either \(\displaystyle x=1\) or \(\displaystyle x=-1\) is a solution of that equation.

The solution set, \(\displaystyle \{1,-1\}\) has two elements: \(\displaystyle 1\) and \(\displaystyle -1\).

If it is written that \(\displaystyle x=\pm 1\) that is read \(\displaystyle x=1\text{ or }-1~.\)
 
OK

I think I see what you are saying. x is an unspecified element of a set but can represent only one actual value at a time. The quadratic formula offers two possible values for x but x can represent only one of the values at a time, the first OR the second value. If you want to name both roots formally you will need to introduce two new variables, x1 = x when x = a + b, and x2 = x when x = a -b.

Thanks for your patience and the bicycle ride.
 
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