Saying that \(\displaystyle 2x^3+ ax^2- 10x+ b\) has x- 1 as a factor means we can write \(\displaystyle 2x^3+ ax^2- 10x+ b= (x-1)Q(x)\) where Q(x) is some quadratic polynomial. And that, in turn, means that if x= 1, \(\displaystyle 2(1)^3+ a(1)^2- 10(1)+ b= a+ b- 8= 0\) or a+ b= 8.
Saying that \(\displaystyle 2x^3+ ax^2- 10x+b\) "remainder -8 when divided by x- 2" meas that we can write \(\displaystyle 2x^3+ ax^2- 10x+ b= (x-2)R(x)- 8\) where R(x) is some quadratic polynomial. And that, in turn, means that when x= 2, \(\displaystyle 2(2)^3+ a(2)^2- 10(2)+ b= 16+ 4a- 20+ b= -8\) so 4a+ b- 4= -8 or 4a+ b= -4. Solve the equations a+ b= 8 and 4a+ b= -4.